Fig. 6
From: Optimal beam sources for Stark decelerators in collision experiments: a tutorial review
Experimental (red curves) and simulated (blue curves) TOF profiles for ND 3 molecules exiting the Stark decelerator, when a Jordan Valve (left column) or a Nijmegen Pulsed Valve (right column) is used. The Stark decelerator is operated to decelerate (ϕ 0>0°) a packet of molecules, and Kr (panel a - d) or Xe (panel e - h) is used as seed gas. The selected velocity from the molecular beam pulse, the phase angle ϕ 0 that is used in the decelerator, as well as the velocity with which the packet exits the decelerator, is indicated in each panel. Peak intensities are normalized. The Jordan Valve is approximately three times less intense compared to the Nijmegen Pulsed Valve. Note that the Nijmegen Pulsed Valve allows for deceleration to lower final velocities for identical phase angles and carrier gases compared to the Jordan Valve