Fig. 1

Picture of the microchip used by Meek et al. [42, 43]. The structure of the electrodes is shown in three stages of magnification. The y axis is here chosen perpendicular to the substrate, the z axis is along the substrate, perpendicular to the electrodes. Calculated contour lines of equal electric field strength (intervals of 0.5 kV/cm) are shown in the bottom-left part of the Figure for the (z-y) plane, above the periodic array of electrodes. The sections of the electrodes are represented as black rectangular boxes. The values of the applied potentials in V are given for three different times in the harmonic waveform cycle