Table 2 Species to be analysed/determined and their role in a reactor

H

Wall cleaning - conditioning gas

NRA, ERDA

¹H(¹⁵N,⁴He)¹²C

H is always present in vacuum systems; information depth below 1 μm; strong detrapping by the ¹⁵N beam.

D

Fuel

NRA, ERDA, EPS

²D(³He,¹H)⁴He

NRA is the main technique in D analysis [70–80]. Depth profiling in C-H layers to over 30 μm at 6 MeV [73]

T

Fuel

NRA, ERDA, AMS

³T(¹²C,⁴He)¹¹B

³T (¹²C, ¹H)¹⁴C

³T (D,⁴He)n

Use of IBA is limited. Low sensitivity of ¹²C-³T reactions

¹²C-³T reactions tried on JET materials [81], while the ²D-³T was used on TFTR tiles [82].

AMS in trace analysis [83].

³He

Minority gas for ICRF heating

ERDA

[84]

⁴He

Ash of D-T reaction;

Wall cleaning - conditioning gas

ERDA

[84]

⁶Li^{, 7}Li

Li-beam diagnostic, wall coatings

NRA, ERDA, PIGE

⁷Li(¹H,nγ)⁸Be

⁹Be

Wall material

NRA, ERDA

⁹Be(³He,¹H)¹¹B

⁹Be(²D,¹H)¹⁰Be

⁹Be(²D,⁴He)⁷Li

[20, 71, 72, 75, 77, 85]

¹⁰Be

Be migration marker

AMS

Marker n-activated ⁹Be tile [86]

¹⁰B and ¹¹B

Wall conditioning by low plasma in B₂H₆, B(CH₃)₃ or evaporation from B₁₀H₁₄

NRA, ERDA

¹¹B(¹H,⁴He)⁸Be

¹¹B(³He,¹H)¹³C

Analysis of PFMC from boronised machines [87–91]

¹²C

Wall material

NRA, EPS, ERDA

¹²C(³He,¹H)¹⁴N

¹²C(²D,¹H)¹³C

¹²C(¹H,¹H)¹²C

[18, 70–72, 77, 78, 92]

¹²C(²D,¹H)¹³C for C analysis on Be targets [85]

¹³C

Tracer in C migration studies

NRA, EPS, ERDA

¹³C(³He,¹H)¹⁵N

¹³C(¹H,¹H)¹³C

[93–96]

¹⁴N

Edge cooling

NRA, ERDA

¹⁴N(²D,¹H)¹⁵N

¹⁴N(²D,⁴He)¹²C

[85, 93, 97, 98]

¹⁵N

Tracer

NRA, ERDA

¹⁵N(¹H,⁴He γ)¹²C

[96, 98]

¹⁶O

Major impurity

RBS, EPS, NRA, ERDA

16O(²D,¹H)¹⁷O

¹⁶O(¹H,¹H)¹⁶O

[93]

¹⁸O

Tracer for in-vessel oxidation studies

NRA, ERDA

¹⁸O(¹H,⁴He)¹⁵N

[65, 78]

²⁰Ne

Edge cooling agent

ERDA, RBS

[84, 97]

²¹Ne, ²²Ne

Considered as tracers

ERDA, RBS

RBS only on light substrates

Al

Impurity from structural material of RH systems

RBS, PIXE, ERDA

Si

Component of in-vessel diagnostics

RBS, PIXE, ERDA

SiH₄ (SiD₄) used for wall conditioning (siliconisation)

[99]

Ar

Edge cooling agent

RBS, PIXE, ERDA

[94]

Fe, Cr, Ni

Vacuum vessel and antennae materials: Steel, Inconel

RBS, PIXE, ERDA, MEIS

Separation with RBS is difficult. ERDA and particularly MEIS allow separation of Cr and Ni

[100]

Cu

Impurity from NBI system

RBS, PIXE, ERDA

PIXE in presence of Fe, Cr, Ni

Kr

Edge cooling agent

RBS, PIXE, ERDA

[94]

Mo

Vacuum vessel and antennae materials: Steel, Inconel;

First mirrors

RBS, PIXE, ERDA

W

Wall material

RBS, PIXE, ERDA, MEIS

MEIS: [100, 101]

Re

Proposed addition to W

RBS, PIXE, ERDA

Only PIXE in the presence of W

Au

In-vessel diagnostics: bolometers, coated mirrors

RBS, PIXE, ERDA